INTELECTUAL CAPITAL (IC)
“Knowledge is like light. Weightless and intangible, it can easily travel the world, enlightening the lives of people everywhere (Peril & Promise :18).
IC is the term given to combined “intangible” ( or more specifically the “knowledge”) assets which enable the company to function( Chua et. Al, 1999: 468). IC includes people who are the esperts in their respective fields, protected products brands, technology, healthy corporate culture, relationships and loyalty of staff and customers. Unlike tangible assets, IC appreciates given the appropriate environments (Chua et al, 1999:467).
Berikut adalah kronologi IC yang telah diringkaskan dari tahun 1969 hingga 2002.
1969 – Galbraith stressed the importance of IC ( Feiwal, 1975)
1980 – Itami published”Mobilising Invisible Assets’ in Japanese (Sullivan, 2000:240)
1986 – Sveiby published “the Know-How Company’ on “Managing “Intangible Assets”.
1988 – Sveiby introduced “Knowledge Capital”.
1989 – Sveiby published “The Invisible Balance Sheet”.
Fall 1990 – Stewart had fully accepted the term IC.
Jan 1991 – Stewart published the first article on “Brainpower” in Fortune.
Sept 1991 – Skandia organized first corporate IC function, names Edvinsson VP.
1993 – St. Onge established concept of Customer Capital (CC)
Oct 1994 – Stewart autored “IC” cover article in Fortune.
May 1995 – First Skandia public report made on IC.
Mar 1997 – Sveiby published “The New Organisational Wealth”.
Mar 1997 – Edvinsson & Malone authored “IC”
April 1997 – Stewart authored “IC” and mentioned that “Knowledge can be measured and managed to improve performance.
June 1997 – Hoover Institution conference organized on measuring IC.
Aug 1997 – Bontis published “Develops measures and models of IC”.
March 1998 – Sullivan published “Profiting from IC”.
Dec 1999 – Chua, Richardson & Pointon authored “IC and Business Performance in Malaysia”.
2000 – Sullivan defined “Intellectual Assets” as the codified knowledge of Human Capital.
May 2000- Chua , Richardson & Pointon authored “Managing IP Rights in Cyberspace”.
2001 – Stewart published “the wealth of knowledge”.
May 2001b – Chua & Richardson compared “KM practiced in UK/US and MSC enterprise”.
April 2002 – Chua presented “Return on Investment (ROI) for KM in Malaysia,
IC telah diperkenalkan oleh Galbraith seawal tahun 1969. CC ( Customer Capital ) kemudiannya di masukkan sebagai salah satu komponen IC pada tahun 1993. Bontis kemudian muncul untuk memberi response kepada kenyataan Stewart bahawa “ Ilmu pengetahuan boleh diukur dan diuruskan di dalam mempertingkatkan keupayaan”.
Terdapat 8 entiti IC ( Stewart, 1997; Sveiby, 1997; Wiig, 1997; Bukowitz and William, 1999; Sullivan, 2000) seperti berikut :
1. Human Capital (HC) – Cosnsists of competence and capabilities of employees.
2. Structural Capital (SC) – consists of the results of intellectual activities in data and knowledge bases, documents, etc.
3. Customer Capital (CS) – consists of the value of the enterprise’s relationship with its customers.
4. Organisational Capital (OC) – consists of embedded knowledge assets in the process and innovation areas. Edvinsson and Malone ( 1998:35) provide the example s of company ‘s ‘investment in systems’ and “operating philosophy “ to speed up the flow of knowledge through the organization and even through the distribution channel.
5. Process Capital (PC) – Consists of the enterprise’s value creating processes such as infrastructure computer systems, design(Tiwana, 2000:42) and techniques(eq, ISO 9000)( Edvinsson and Malone, 1998:36)
6. Innovation Capital(InC) – refers to the “renewal capability and the results of innovation in the form of protected intangible assets( Intelectual Property – IP), other Intangible Assets and talents used to create and bring to market new products and services” ( Edvinsson and Malone, 1998; 35-36)
7. Intellectual Property (IP) – Consists of documented and captured knowledge, which is legally protected.
8. Intangible Assets (IA) – “goodwill” that has “no physical existence but are still of value to the company”( Edvinsson and Malone, 1998: 23-25)
BUAT UNCLE EP SEKELUARGA
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Doa dari kejauhan ini.